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{ "url_title": "Habeas corpus", "title_sort": "habeascorpus", "links": { "json": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Habeas%20corpus/?format=api", "html": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Habeas%20corpus?format=api" }, "modified": "2024-01-25T19:35:34", "title": "Habeas corpus", "body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <p>\n <i>\n Habeas corpus\n </i>\n is a Latin term meaning \"you have the body.\" Lawyers might petition for a \"\n <i>\n writ\n </i>\n \" (or court order)\n <i>\n of habeas corpus\n </i>\n , which if issued by the judge would force the law enforcement entity that is holding a person in custody to appear before a judge with the person being detained so that the judge can review the facts of the case and determine whether or not there is justifiable cause to continue to hold the person in custody. The U.S. Constitution formalized the importance of habeas corpus in Article I, section 9, which states: \"The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.\"\n <sup class=\"reference\" id=\"cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n [1]\n </a>\n </sup>\n In the United States, habeas corpus was suspended by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 to quell unrest related to the draft and to facilitate more military power in the Union's efforts to gain the upper hand during the Civil War. Congress also passed the Enforcement Acts in 1871 granting the President the right to suspend habeas corpus in order to combat the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction.\n </p>\n <p>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Martial_law_in_Hawaii/\" title=\"Martial law in Hawaii\">\n Martial law was declared in Hawaii\n </a>\n immediately following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, on\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/December_7,_1941/\" title=\"December 7, 1941\">\n December 7, 1941\n </a>\n , and habeas corpus was also suspended as authorized by the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Organic_Act/\" title=\"Organic Act\">\n Organic Act\n </a>\n . The fact that martial law was never declared and habeas corpus never suspended on the mainland of the United States became a central issue in cases challenging the forced removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast and their indefinite incarceration during World War II (see\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Korematsu_v._United_States/\" title=\"Korematsu v. United States\">\n Korematsu v. United States\n </a>\n ). The case of\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Mitsuye_Endo/\" title=\"Mitsuye Endo\">\n Mitsuye Endo\n </a>\n , whose case became a landmark lawsuit, was initiated when lawyer\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/James_C._Purcell/\" title=\"James C. Purcell\">\n James C. Purcell\n </a>\n filed a habeas corpus petition for her immediate release from\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Tule_Lake/\" title=\"Tule Lake\">\n Tule Lake\n </a>\n , and the subsequent appeals that resulted in the Supreme Court's unanimous ruling on December 18, 1944, that the government did not have the right to continue to detain a citizen who was loyal to the United States. In the related case of\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Duncan_v._Kahanamoku/\" title=\"Duncan v. Kahanamoku\">\n Duncan v. Kahanamoku\n </a>\n , lawyers\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/J._Garner_Anthony/\" title=\"J. Garner Anthony\">\n J. Garner Anthony\n </a>\n and Osmond Fraenkel filed writs of habeas corpus on behalf of their clients to challenge the use of military tribunals in Hawai'i during the war. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had not allowed for military tribunals under the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Organic_Act/\" title=\"Organic Act\">\n Organic Act\n </a>\n which authorized military rule during the war.\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n <b>\n Authored by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/Cherstin_M._Lyon/\" title=\"Cherstin M. Lyon\">\n Cherstin M. Lyon\n </a>\n , California State University, San Bernardino\n </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n Lyon, Cherstin\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"For_More_Information\">\n For More Information\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"/J._Garner_Anthony/\" title=\"J. Garner Anthony\">\n Anthony, J. Garner\n </a>\n . \"Hawaiian Martial Law in the Supreme Court\".\n <i>\n Yale Law Journal\n </i>\n 57, No. 1 (1947): 27–54.\n </p>\n <p>\n Edwards, Laura F.\n <i>\n A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Nation of Rights.\n </i>\n New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.\n </p>\n <p>\n Irons, Peter.\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/justiceatwar00iron\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n <i>\n Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases\n </i>\n .\n </a>\n Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.\n </p>\n <p>\n Robinson, Greg.\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/tragedyofdemocra00robi\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n <i>\n A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America\n </i>\n </a>\n New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.\n </p>\n <p>\n Young, Ralph.\n <i>\n Dissent: The History of an American Idea.\n </i>\n New York: New York University Press, 2015.\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Footnotes\">\n Footnotes\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <div class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\n <div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n <ol class=\"references\">\n <li id=\"cite_note-ftnt_ref1-1\">\n <span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\n <a class=\"\" href=\"#cite_ref-ftnt_ref1_1-0\">\n ↑\n </a>\n </span>\n <span class=\"reference-text\">\n Chris Naylor, \"'You have the body': Habeas Corpus Case Records of the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, 1820–1863,\"\n <i>\n Prologue Magazine\n </i>\n 37.3 (Fall 2005), accessed on July 27, 2015 at\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/fall/habeas-corpus.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/fall/habeas-corpus.html\n </a>\n .\n </span>\n </li>\n </ol>\n </div>\n </div>\n <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20240418160717\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.011 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.016 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 78/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 600/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 144/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 5/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 732/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 12.736 1 -total\n 18.51% 2.357 1 Template:Reflist\n 11.06% 1.408 1 Template:Published\n 10.98% 1.399 1 Template:AuthorByline\n-->\n <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:3455-0!canonical and timestamp 20240418160717 and revision id 36014\n -->\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"toplink\">\n <a href=\"#top\">\n <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\">\n </i>\n Top\n </a>\n</div>", "categories": [], "sources": [], "coordinates": {}, "authors": [ "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/authors/Cherstin%20M.%20Lyon/?format=api" ], "ddr_topic_terms": [], "prev_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/HR%205879/?format=api", "next_page": "http://encyclopedia.densho.org/api/0.1/articles/Hafis%20Salich/?format=api" }